The grooves of a grooved pin are formed by a swaging operation in which three tools penetrate the nominal diameter of the pin metal at 120-degree intervals, according to Apsey. It is preferred for high-production assembly because it requires no extra fastening hardware for insertion or secondary operations. The dowel pin withstands the most shear force of any fastening pin. This pin is typically hardened and manufactured to precise fractional diameters and lengths, and used as a hinge, shaft or pivot to locate or hold parts together. The dowel pin is a smooth cylinder of metal, although it may be chamfered at each end to aid insertion. Finishes include passivated, nonpassivated and black oxide. They are most commonly made of low-carbon or stainless steel, various alloys, aluminum, brass or titanium. Pins and dowels measure from 0.03125 to 1.5 inches in diameter and up to 6 inches in length. All dowels are hollow symmetric with either a split or seamless body. Hollow symmetric pins are slotted and coiled spring. Flat- and round-headed versions of these pins, also known as studs, are considered asymmetric. Solid symmetric pins include dowel, grooved, knurled, barbed and ferrol. Many types of pins are used for assembly, and are categorized as either solid or hollow, with a symmetric or an asymmetric shape. No wonder they are increasingly popular among manufacturers in a wide range of industries, most notably automotive, medical devices and recreation. Both the pins and dowels are cost-effective, install easily and have a decades-long record of success.
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